What is the thickness of the flanges and what material is used in the flanges?

The thickness of flanges and the material used for them can vary widely depending on the specific application, the size of the pipes, the pressure class, and the standards they need to comply with. Flanges are critical components used in various piping systems to connect pipes, valves, pumps, and other equipment. They provide an easy access point for inspection, cleaning, and modifications. Here’s a general guide to flange materials and thicknesses:

### Materials Used in Flanges:

#### Common Materials:
1. Carbon Steel: It’s the most commonly used material for flanges due to its strength and flexibility. The material grade often follows the ASTM or ANSI standards, with ASTM A105 being one of the most common for carbon steel flanges.
2. Stainless Steel: Used for applications that require resistance to corrosion and heat. Grades 304 and 316 are common, with 316 providing higher corrosion resistance.
3. Alloy Steel: Adds other elements to improve certain characteristics like strength, hardness, or chemical resistance. Alloy steel flanges are often used in high-pressure or high-temperature applications.

#### Specialized Materials:
1. Duplex and Super Duplex: These are stainless steels designed for environments that are corrosive and require high strength. They are often used in offshore and petrochemical applications.
2. Inconel, Incoloy, and Monel: Nickel alloys that offer high temperature and corrosion resistance for severe service conditions.
3. **Titan