Superconductors exhibit which of the following properties?

Superconductors exhibit several remarkable properties, including:

1. Zero electrical resistance: One of the most defining characteristics of a superconductor is its ability to conduct electricity without any resistance when it is cooled below a certain critical temperature. This means electrical current can flow through a superconducting material indefinitely without losing any energy.

2. Meissner effect (Perfect diamagnetism): Superconductors expel magnetic fields from their interior when cooled below their critical temperature, due to a phenomenon called the Meissner effect. This results in perfect diamagnetism where the magnetic field inside the superconductor is effectively zero. This allows for applications such as magnetic levitation.

3. Quantum locking and levitation: Related to the Meissner effect, superconductors can lock into place above a magnet (quantum locking) or below a magnetic track (quantum levitation), defying gravity due to the interaction between their magnetic fields. This is often demonstrated in high-tech applications, like maglev trains.

4. Flux quantization: The magnetic flux passing through a loop of superconducting material is quantized, meaning it can only take on certain discrete values. This property is a direct result of the quantum nature of superconductivity.

5. Josephson effect: When two superconductors are separated by a thin insulating layer, allowing for tunneling of Cooper pairs (pairs of electrons bound together at low temperatures in superconductors), a supercurrent can flow through the insulator without