Which of the following is false with respect to the datagram networks?

In datagram networks:

– Each packet is treated independently of all others. This statement is true. In datagram networks, packets are sent individually and may take different paths to reach their destination, without necessarily maintaining any order.

– Packets are guaranteed to be delivered. This statement is false. Datagram networks do not guarantee packet delivery as they do not establish a dedicated path between sender and receiver. Packets might get dropped due to network congestion or errors.

– Routers do not keep information about connection state. This statement is true. In datagram networks, routers forward packets based on the destination address contained in the packet header without maintaining any state information about the connection.

– Datagram networks cannot provide quality of service guarantees. This statement is generally true, especially in its strictest sense. Since datagram networks treat each packet independently and paths may change dynamically, it’s challenging to provide guarantees for quality of service (QoS). However, there can be mechanisms implemented on top of datagram networks to approximate QoS.

– The path of a packet can change in the middle of a transmission. This statement is true. In datagram networks, since each packet is routed independently, the path taken by packets can vary due to routing decisions changing in response to network conditions.