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The Internet Protocol (IP) is considered unreliable for several reasons that are inherent to its design and purpose within the Internet’s architecture. Here are the key factors contributing to its unreliability:
1. No Delivery Guarantees: IP does not provide a guarantee that a packet sent from a source will reach its intended destination. This means packets can get lost due to various reasons, including network congestion, routing errors, or physical issues with the connections.
2. No Order Assurance: IP does not ensure that packets will be received in the order they are sent. If multiple packets are sent from one point to another, they may take different paths through the network and can arrive out of order. This lack of sequencing can contribute to issues in data integrity and requires additional mechanisms at higher layers to reorder the packets.
3. No Error Correction: While IP includes a header checksum to verify the header integrity, it does not provide a means for error correction of the payload data. If a packet is corrupted during transmission, IP alone does not offer a way to recover or correct the corrupted data. It’s up to higher-level protocols to implement error detection and correction features.
4. Lack of Congestion Control: IP itself does not implement congestion control mechanisms. During times of high network traffic, packets can be dropped if the network lacks the capacity to handle the load, leading to potential data loss.
Due to these characteristics, IP is considered a “best effort” service model. It attempts to
D. All of the above