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D. Session and Presentation layer
The OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection model) is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement standards for network communication. The OSI model has seven layers:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
Compared to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a more practical and simplified framework used in real-world networking, which has four layers:
1. Network Interface Layer (or Link Layer)
2. Internet Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer
Out of these, the Presentation Layer and Session Layer are explicitly defined in the OSI model but not in the TCP/IP model. In TCP/IP, the functionality of these layers is implicitly included within the Application Layer. Therefore, the Presentation Layer and Session Layer are additions to the OSI model when compared with the TCP/IP model.