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The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is utilized for sending error messages and operational information indicating, for instance, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. The capabilities of ICMP include, but are not limited to:
1. Error Reporting: ICMP can report errors in the processing of packets. It can indicate, for example, if a destination is unreachable, if the network is congested, or if the packet’s life (time-to-live) expired while en route.
2. Diagnostic Functions: Tools like ping and traceroute use ICMP to test the availability of hosts on a network. Ping uses ICMP to send echo request messages to a target host and receives an echo reply if the host is reachable. Traceroute uses ICMP time-exceeded messages to determine the path packets take to reach a specific destination.
3. Network Testing: ICMP can be used for testing the network. For example, the echo request and echo reply messages can test if a host is reachable and how long it takes to exchange messages between hosts.
4. Path MTU Discovery: ICMP can be used to determine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size on the path between two IP hosts, helping to avoid IP fragmentation.
5. Routing Device Signaling: ICMP can send messages to indicate when a better route is available for traffic, assisting in optimizing the routing of packets.
6. Time Stamping and Address Mask Requests: Although less commonly used, ICMP can be employed for time
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