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The SOLID principles are a set of design guidelines in software engineering for making object-oriented programming (OOP) more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. Originally introduced by Robert C. Martin in the early 2000s, these principles are intended to encourage good programming practices and to prevent code smells, refactoring, and agile or adaptive software development. Here is an overview of each principle in the SOLID acronym:
1. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP): This principle states that a class should have only one reason to change, meaning it should have only one job or responsibility. The idea is to avoid classes that mix different functionalities which can lead to a high coupling and a low cohesion, making the system harder to maintain and extend.
2. Open/Closed Principle (OCP): According to this principle, software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension but closed for modification. This means you should be able to add new functionality without changing existing code, thereby reducing the risk of introducing bugs into existing code when new features are added.
3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP): This principle states that objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of a subclass without affecting the correctness of the program. This is about ensuring that a subclass can stand in for its superclass, implying that a subclass should not introduce behaviors that could break the functionality from a client’s point of view.
4. **Interface Segregation Principle
The SOLID principles are a set of five design principles aimed at making software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. They are a part of object-oriented design (OOD) and are crucial for achieving a good system architecture. SOLID stands for:
1. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP): This principle states that a class should have only one reason to change, meaning it should have only one job or responsibility. By adhering to this principle, it ensures that a class is specialized in a single functionality, leading to fewer side effects and easier maintenance.
2. Open/Closed Principle (OCP): According to this principle, software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension but closed for modification. This means that the behavior of a module can be extended without modifying its source code, which helps in maintaining stability while extending a system’s functionality.
3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP): This principle suggests that objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of a subclass without affecting the correctness of the program. In simpler terms, subclasses should extend the base classes without changing their behavior. It ensures that a derived class does not affect the behavior and expectations of the base class.
4. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP): The ISP states that no client should be forced to depend on methods it does not use. This principle suggests splitting large interfaces into smaller and more specific ones so that clients only need to