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Synchronous machines, like all electrical machines, experience several types of losses. These losses can generally be divided into the following categories:
1. Copper Losses (I²R Losses): These occur due to the resistance in the windings. Copper losses happen both in the stator winding and in the rotor winding (if the rotor has windings, as in the case of wound rotor synchronous machines). The heat generated is proportional to the square of the current flowing through the windings and the resistance of the windings (I²R).
2. Core Losses (Iron Losses): These losses occur in the core of the machine because of the alternating magnetic field. Core losses can be further divided into:
– Hysteresis Loss: Caused by the lagging of the magnetic flux density behind the magnetizing force.
– Eddy Current Loss: Resulting from currents induced in the iron core due to the alternating magnetic field. These currents circulate within the iron, creating heat.
3. Mechanical Losses: These are due to friction in the bearings and windage losses caused by the rotor spinning in air or another gas. Mechanical losses remain relatively constant over different operating conditions.
4. Stray Load Losses: These are additional losses that vary with the load and are not accounted for by the aforementioned categories. They include losses due to leakage flux in various parts of the machine, harmonic currents in the windings and core