Identify the characteristics of the Ferranti effect. (i) Flow of unduly heavy current (ii) It occurs at unloaded condition (iii) Rise in the receiving end voltage

The Ferranti effect is a phenomenon observed in long transmission lines, particularly under light loading or no load conditions. The characteristics of the Ferranti effect include:

(i) Flow of unduly heavy current: This characteristic is generally not directly associated with the Ferranti effect. The effect is more relevant to voltage rise rather than heavy current flow, which can occur under different circumstances.

(ii) It occurs at unloaded condition: This is a true characteristic of the Ferranti effect. It is most pronounced when the transmission line is lightly loaded or completely unloaded.

(iii) Rise in the receiving end voltage: This is a defining feature of the Ferranti effect. Under no-load or light-load conditions, the receiving end voltage can rise above the sending end voltage due to the capacitive nature of long transmission lines.

In summary, the Ferranti effect is characterized by its occurrence under unloaded conditions and the rise in receiving end voltage, but it doesn’t typically relate to unduly heavy current flow.