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D. packet switching and circuit switching
There are several methods to move data through a network of links and switches:
1. Packet Switching: Data is broken into small packets, each of which is sent independently through the network. Routers direct these packets based on the most efficient path.
2. Circuit Switching: A dedicated communication path (circuit) is established between the sender and receiver for the duration of the communication session.
3. Frame Relay: This is a packet-switching protocol that operates at the data link layer and is used for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network (WAN). It uses a variable-sized packet (frame) for data transmission.
4. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): A high-speed networking standard that uses fixed-size cells for data transfer. It is efficient for high-bandwidth applications like voice, video, and data.
5. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): This technique improves the speed and control of packet forwarding by assigning labels to packets, which allows routers to make forwarding decisions without examining the packet’s destination address each time.
6. Ethernet Switching: In local area networks (LANs), Ethernet switches direct data frames to specific devices based on MAC addresses, ensuring they reach the correct destination.
7. Virtual LANs (VLANs): VLANs allow a single physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks, enabling more efficient data handling and improved security.
8. Quality of Service (QoS)