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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical technology that underpins the functionality of the internet. It serves as the internet’s phone book, translating human-friendly domain names (such as http://www.example.com) into IP addresses (such as 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on the network. DNS allows users to connect to websites through domain names instead of having to remember complex IP addresses. Here’s how DNS works in a simplified manner:
1. Query Initiation: When you type a URL into your web browser, your device doesn’t initially know where that website is located on the internet. Your device needs the IP address of the website’s server to establish a connection. To find this out, it starts by sending a DNS query.
2. Recursive Resolver: The query first goes to a DNS Recursive Resolver, which is typically operated by your ISP (Internet Service Provider) or sometimes by a third-party DNS service. This resolver has the task of finding the IP address associated with the domain name and returning it to your device. If the resolver has recently asked for the same address (these addresses are saved in its cache for a default time to limit traffic), it will return the IP address from its cache. Otherwise, it will need to find the address from another DNS server.
3. Root Name Server: If the IP address is not in the recursive resolver’s cache, it will query a Root Name Server. The root server doesn’t know