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The iron loss due to the main field in an electrical machine, such as a transformer or an electric motor, is classified as “core loss” or “iron loss.” Core loss itself is further divided into two main components:
1. Hysteresis Loss: This is the energy lost due to the reversal of magnetization in the core material. It is dependent on the type of material, the frequency of the magnetic field reversals, and the maximum flux density. The hysteresis loss can be calculated using Steinmetz’s formula, which shows that the loss is proportional to the frequency and a power of the maximum flux density.
2. Eddy Current Loss: This loss occurs because of the circulating currents generated in the core due to the alternating magnetic field. These currents lead to resistive heating of the material. Eddy current loss is dependent on the square of the thickness of the core laminations, the square of the frequency, and the square of the maximum flux density. Reducing the thickness of the core laminations can minimize this loss.
Core (or iron) losses are independent of the load on the machine and are present as soon as there is an alternating magnetic field in the core, making them no-load losses. They contrast with copper losses, which occur due to the resistance in the windings and vary with the load.