Physical layer provides:

The physical layer provides the means for transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physical data link connecting network nodes. Specifically, the physical layer is responsible for:

1. Bit Transmission: Encodes and transmits data bits (0s and 1s) over the physical medium.
2. Data Rate Control: Determines how fast the bits are transmitted, known as the bitrate.
3. Physical Medium: Defines the characteristics of the physical medium through which the data travels such as copper wire, fiber optic, or wireless.
4. Physical Connectors: Specifies the physical connectors and interfaces that connect devices to the medium.
5. Signaling: Concerns with the physical level signaling including voltage levels, modulation techniques, and frequency.
6. Synchronization of Bits: Deals with synchronization at the bit level, ensuring that the sender and receiver are synchronized to accurately read the stream of bits.
7. Topologies and Network Design: Involves the physical network design, including the topology (star, mesh, ring, etc.) and the layout of network connections.
8. Transmission Mode: Defines the direction of communication between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.

By handling the transmission and reception of raw bits over a physical medium, the physical layer serves as the foundation upon which the network infrastructure is built, enabling higher-level functions and protocols to operate efficiently.